Fourteen Propaganda Techniques the Fox News Television Channel uses to Brainwash Americans

Earlier I published on this blog a summary of Noam Chomsky’s list of the ways the American ruling establishment uses the media it owns. Cynthia Boaz has made another similar list specifically listing the propaganda techniques used by Fox News

The good news is that the more conscious you are of these techniques, the less likely they are to work on you. The bad news is that those reading this article are probably the least in need of it.


(1) Panic Mongering:

This goes one step beyond simple fear mongering. With panic mongering, there is never a break from the fear. The idea is to terrify and terrorize the audience during every waking moment. From Muslims to swine flu to recession, to homosexuals, to immigrants, to the rapture itself, the belief over at Fox seems to be that if your fight-or-flight reflexes aren't activated, you aren't alive.

This of course raises the question: why terrorize your own audience? Because it is the fastest way to bypasses the rational brain. In other words, when people are afraid, they don't think rationally. And when they can't think rationally, they'll believe anything.


(2) Character Assassination:

Fox does not like to waste time debating ideas. Instead, they prefer a quicker route to dispensing with their opponents: go after the person's credibility, motives, intelligence, character, or, if necessary, sanity. No category of character assassination is off the table and no offense is beneath them.

Fox and like-minded media figures also use ad hominem attacks not just against individuals, but entire categories of people in an effort to discredit the ideas of every person who is seen to fall into that category, e.g. “liberals,” “hippies,” “progressives,” etc. This form of argument, if it can be called that, leaves no room for genuine debate over ideas, so by definition, it is undemocratic.


(3) Projection/Flipping:

This one is frustrating for the viewer who is trying to actually follow the argument. It involves taking whatever underhanded tactic you're using and then accusing your opponent of doing it to you first.

We see this frequently in the immigration discussion, where anti-racists are accused of racism, or in the climate change debate, where those who argue for human causes of the phenomenon are accused of not having science or facts on their side. It's often called upon when the media hosts find themselves on the ropes in the debate.


(4) Rewriting History:

This is another way of saying that propagandists make the facts fit their worldview. The Downing Street Memos on the Iraq war were a classic example of this on a massive scale, but it happens daily and over smaller issues as well.

A recent case in point is Palin's mangling of the Paul Revere ride, which Fox reporters have bent over backward to validate. Why lie about the historical facts, even when they can be demonstrated to be false? Well, because dogmatic minds actually find it easier to reject reality than to update their viewpoints.

They will literally rewrite history if it serves their interests. And they'll often speak with such authority that the casual viewer will be tempted to question what they knew as fact.


(5) Scapegoating:

This works best when people feel insecure or scared. It's technically a form of both fear mongering and diversion, but it is so pervasive that it deserves its own category. The simple idea is that if you can find a group to blame for social or economic problems, you can then go on to (a) justify violence/dehumanization of them, and (b) subvert responsibility for any harm that may befall them as a result.


(6) Conflating Violence With Power and Opposition to Violence With Weakness:

This is what could be called a deeply held belief instead of a media technique, but it comes up in the way the news is constantly reported. For example, terms like "show of strength" are often used to describe acts of repression, such as those by the Iranian regime against the protesters in the summer of 2009.

There are at least two consequences of this form of conflation: First, it has the potential to make people feel falsely emboldened by shows of force--it can turn wars into sporting events. Secondly, especially in the context of American politics, displays of violence--whether manifested in war or debates about the Second Amendment--are seen as noble and (in an especially surreal irony) moral. Violence become synonymous with power, patriotism and piety.


(7) Bullying:

This is a favorite technique of several Fox commentators. Its continuing use shows that it seems to have some efficacy. Bullying and yelling works best on people who come to the conversation with a lack of confidence, either in themselves or their grasp of the subject being discussed.

The bully exploits this lack of confidence by berating the guest into submission or compliance. Often, less self-possessed people will feel shame and anxiety when being berated and the quickest way to end the immediate discomfort is to cede authority to the bully. The bully is then able to interpret that as a "win."


(8) Confusion:

As is the case with bullying, this technique works best on an audience that is less confident and self-possessed. The idea is to deliberately confuse the argument, insisting, at the same time, that the logic is airtight and implying that anyone who disagrees is either too dumb or too fanatical to understand this. Less independent minds will interpret this technique as a form of sophisticated thinking.


(9) Populism:

This is especially popular in election years. The speakers identify themselves as being one of “the people” and those they target as enemies of the people. Their opponents are always “elitist” or a “bureaucrats” or “government insiders” or something else that is alien to the people. The idea is to make their opponents harder to relate to and harder to empathize with. It often goes hand in hand with scapegoating.

A common logical fallacy with populism bias when used by the right is that accused “elitists” are almost always liberals.


(10) Invoking the Christian God:

This is similar to othering and populism. With morality politics, the idea is to declare yourself and your allies as patriots, Christians and "real Americans" (those are inseparable categories in this line of thinking) and anyone who challenges them as not.

Basically, they insist, God loves Fox and Republicans and America and hates taxes and anyone who doesn't love those other three things. Because the speaker has been blessed by God to speak on behalf of all Americans, any challenge is perceived as immoral. It's a cheap and easy technique used by all totalitarian entities from states to cults.


(11) Saturation:

There are three components to effective saturation: being repetitive, being ubiquitous and being consistent. The message must be repeated over and over. It must be everywhere and it must be shared across commentators--for example: “Saddam has weapons of mass destruction.”

The truth itself and hard data have no relationship to the effectiveness of saturation. There is a psychological effect of being exposed to the same message over and over, regardless of whether it's true or if it even makes sense--for example: “Barack Obama wasn't born in the United States.”

If something is said enough times, by enough people, many will come to accept it as truth. Another example is Fox's own slogan of its coverage as “fair and Balanced.”


(12) Disparaging Education:

There is an emerging and disturbing lack of reverence for education and intellectualism in much mainstream-media commentary. In fact, in some circles (e.g. Fox), higher education is often disparaged as elitist. Having a university credential is perceived by these folks not as a sign of credibility, but of a lack of it. In fact, among some commentators, evidence of intellectual prowess is treated snidely and as anti-American.

The disdain for education and other evidence of being trained in critical thinking are direct threats to a hive-mind mentality, which is why they are so viscerally demeaned.


(13) Guilt by Association:

This is a favorite of Glenn Beck and Andrew Breitbart, both of whom have used it to decimate the careers and lives of many good people. Here's how it works: if your cousin's college roommate's uncle's ex-wife attended a dinner party back in 1984 with Gorbachev’s niece's ex-boyfriend’s sister, then you, by extension are a communist set on destroying America. Period.


(14) Diversion:

This is where, when on the ropes, the media commentator suddenly takes the debate in a weird but predictable direction to avoid accountability. This is the point in the discussion where most Fox anchors start comparing their opponents to Saul Alinsky or invoking ACORN or Media Matters, in a desperate attempt to win through guilt by association.

Or they'll talk about wanting to focus on "moving forward," as though by analyzing the current state of things or, God forbid, how we got to this state of things, you have no regard for the future. Any attempt to bring the discussion back to the issue at hand will likely be called deflection, an ironic use of the technique of projection/flipping.

The Fox viewership seems to be marked by a sort of collective personality disorder. Fox’s viewers feel almost as though they've been let into a secret society. Something about their affiliation with the network makes them feel privileged and this affinity is likely what drives the viewers to defend the network so vehemently.

They seem to identify with it at a core level, because it tells them they are special and privy to something the rest of us don't have. It's akin to the loyalty one feels by being let into a private club or a gang. That effect is also likely to make the propaganda more powerful, because it goes mostly unquestioned.

In considering these tactics and their possible effects on American public discourse, it is important to note that historically, those who've genuinely accessed truth have never berated those who did not. You don't get honored by history when you beat up your opponent.

Look at Martin Luther King Jr., Robert Kennedy, Abraham Lincoln. These men did not find the need to engage in othering, ad hominem attacks, guilt by association, or bullying. This is because when people have accessed a truth, they are not threatened by the opposing views of others.

This reality explains the righteous indignation of people like Glenn Beck, Bill O'Reilly and Sean Hannity as a symptom of untruth. These individuals are hostile and angry precisely because they don't feel confident in their own veracity. And in general, the more someone is losing their temper in a debate and the more intolerant they are of listening to others, the more you can be certain they do not know what they're talking about.

One final observation: Fox audiences, birthers and Tea Partiers often defend their arguments by pointing to the fact that a lot of people share the same perceptions. This is a reasonable point to the extent that Murdoch's News Corporation reaches a far larger audience than any other single media outlet. But, the fact that a lot of people believe something is not necessarily a sign that it's true; it's just a sign that it has been effectively marketed.

Turchia recognosce le rebellos de Libya.

(Languages of this post: Interlingua, Spanish, Catalan, Galician, Portuguese, French, Italian, English)

Le governamento de Tuirchia ha recognoscite le Consilio National del Transition como le ver representante del populo de Libya.

Post un visita a Bengazi, le capital de facto del territorio controllate per le fortias opponite al leader de Libya, Moammar Gadhafi, Ahmed Davotglu, le ministro de relationes exterior de Turchia, diceva que Libya non deberea esser un pais dividite.

Davutoglu anque diceva que Gaddafhi non debe continuar a governor le pais.

Turchia ha offerite unes US$100 million al rebellos in le est del pais qui lucta contra Gaddafi.

Nonobstante, in le cinque menses del conflicto, inspirate in le movimentos popular in Tunisia e Egypto, le rebellos totevia non ha potite conquirer le fortias de Gaddafi.

---

Turquía reconoce a los rebeldes de Libia.

El gobierno de Turquía ha reconocido al Consejo Nacional de la Transición como el verdadero representante del pueblo de Libia.

Después de una visita a Bengazi, la capital de facto del territorio controlado por las fuerzas opuestas al líder libio, Moamar Gadafi, Ahmed Davutoglu, el ministro de relaciones exteriores de Turquía, dijo que Libia no debería ser un país dividido.

Davutoglu también dijo que Gadafi no debe seguir gobernando el país.

Turquía ha ofrecido unos US$100 millones a los rebeldes en el este del país que luchan contra Gadafi.

Sin embargo, en los cinco meses dell conflicto, inspirado en las movilizaciones populares en Túnez y en Egipto, los rebeldes todavía no han podido derrotar a las fuerzas de Gadafi.

---

Turquia reconeix als rebels de Líbia.

El govern de Turquia ha reconegut el Consell Nacional de la Transició com el veritable representant del poble de Líbia.

Després d'una visita a Bengazi, la capital de facto del territori controlat per les forces oposades al líder libi Muammar Gaddafi, Ahmed Davutoglu, el ministre de Relacions exteriors de Turquia, va dir que Líbia no ha de seguir sent un país dividit.

Davutoglu també va dir que Gaddafi no ha de seguir governant el país.

Turquia ha ofert uns US$100 milions als rebels a l'est del país que lluiten contra Gaddafi.

No obstant això, en els cinc mesos dell conflicte, inspirat en les mobilitzacions populars a Tunísia ia Egipte, els rebels encara no han pogut derrotar a les forces de Gaddafi.

---

A Turquía recoñece os rebeldes en Libia.

O goberno turco recoñeceu o Consello Nacional de Transición como o verdadeiro representante do pobo de Libia.

Tras unha visita a Benghazi, a capital de facto do territorio controlado por forzas de oposición ao líder libio, Muamar Gadafi, Ahmed Davutoglu, ministro de Asuntos Exteriores de Turquía, dixo que a Libia non debe ser un país dividido.

Davutoglu tamén dixo que Gaddafi non debería continuar a gobernar o país.

A Turquía ofreceu cerca de US $100 millóns para os rebeldes no leste que están loitando contra Gaddafi.

Con todo, tras cinco meses de loita, inspirada polos movementos populares en Tunisia e en Exipto, os rebeldes non foron capaces de derrotar as forzas de Gaddafi.

---

A Turquia reconhece os rebeldes na Líbia.

O governo turco reconheceu o Conselho Nacional de Transição como o verdadeiro representante do povo da Líbia.

Após uma visita a Benghazi, a capital de facto do território controlado por forças de oposição ao líder líbio, Muamar Kadafi, Ahmed Davutoglu, ministro das Relações Exteriores da Turquia, disse que a Líbia não deve ser um país dividido.

Davutoglu também disse que Gaddafi não deve continuar a governar o país.

A Turquia ofereceu cerca de US $ 100 milhões para os rebeldes no leste que estão lutando contra Gaddafi.

No entanto, após cinco meses de luta, inspirada pelos movimentos populares na Tunísia e no Egito, os rebeldes ainda têm de derrotar as forças de Gaddafi.

---

La Turquie reconnaît les rebelles en Libye.

Le gouvernement turc a reconnu le Conseil national de transition comme le vrai représentant du peuple de la Libye.

Après une visite à Benghazi, la capitale de facto du territoire contrôlé par les forces opposées au dirigeant libyen, Mouammar Kadhafi, Ahmed Davutoglu, ministre des Affaires étrangères de la Turquie, a déclaré que la Libye ne doit pas être un pays divisé.

Davutoglu a également déclaré que Kadhafi ne devrait pas continuer à gouverner le pays.

La Turquie a offert 100 millions de dollars aux rebelles dans les combats à l'est contre Kadhafi.

Toutefois, après cinq mois de combat, inspiré par les mouvements populaires en Tunisie et en Egypte, les rebelles n'ont pas été en mesure de vaincre les forces de Kadhafi.

---

La Turchia riconosce i ribelli in Libia.

Il governo turco ha riconosciuto il Consiglio nazionale di transizione come il vero rappresentante del popolo della Libia.

Dopo una visita a Bengasi, la capitale de facto del territorio controllato da forze che si oppongono al leader libico, Muammar Gheddafi, Ahmed Davutoglu, il ministro degli Esteri della Turchia, ha detto che la Libia non dovrebbe essere un paese diviso.

Davutoglu ha anche detto che Gheddafi non dovrebbero continuare a governare il paese.

La Turchia ha offerto circa 100 milioni di dollari ai ribelli nella parte orientale che stanno lottando contro Gheddafi.

Tuttavia, dopo cinque mesi di combattimenti, ispirato dai movimenti popolari in Tunisia ed Egitto, i ribelli non sono stati capaci di sconfiggere le forze di Gheddafi.

---

Turkey recognizes the rebels in Libya.

The Turkish government has recognized the National Transition Council as the true representative of the people of Libya.

After a visit to Benghazi, the de facto capital of the territory controlled by forces opposed to Libyan leader Moammar Gadhafi, Ahmed Davutoglu, Turkey’s foreign minister, said that Libya should not be a divided country.

Davutoglu also said that Gaddafi should not continue to govern the country.

Turkey has offered about $100 million to the rebels in the east who are fighting against Gaddafi.

However, after five months of fighting, inspired by the popular movements in Tunisia and Egypt, the rebels have yet to defeat the forces of Gaddafi.

Chávez confirma que ille habeva habite un tumor cancerose que su medicos ha extirpate.

(Languages of this post: Interlingua, Spanish, Catalan, Galician, Portuguese, French, Italian, English)

In un discurso que ille pronuntiava in Cuba, le presidente de Venezuela, Hugo Chávez, diceva que su medicos ha detegite cellulas cancerose in su corpore post realisar un operation chirurgic in ille a causa de un abscesso pelvic.

Ille anque diceva que le intervention chirurgic permitteva le extraction total de su tumor.

Anteriormente, le sol information disponibile indicava que Chávez habeva essite operate le 10 de junio in Cuba a causa de un abscesso pelvic. Desde ille occasion, il ha habite rumores frequente sur su sanitate.

---

Chávez dijo que tenía un tumor canceroso que sus médicos le han extirpado.

En un discurso que pronunció en Cuba, el presidente de Venezuela, Hugo Chávez, dijo que sus médicos han detectado células cancerígenas en su cuerpo después de realizar una cirugía en él por un absceso pélvico.

También dijo que la intervención quirúrgica permitió la extracción total de su tumor.

Anteriormente, la única información disponible indicó que Chávez había sido operado el 10 de junio en Cuba por un absceso pélvico. Desde entonces ha habido rumores frecuentes sobre su salud.

---

Chávez confirma que li va ser extirpat un tumor cancerigen.

En un discurs que va pronunciar a Cuba, el president de Veneçuela, Hugo Chávez, va dir que els seus metges han detectat cèl.lules cancerígenes en el seu cos després de realitzar una cirurgia en ell per un abscés pèlvic.

També va dir que la intervenció quirúrgica va permetre l'extracció total de la seva tumor.

Anteriorment, l'única informació disponible va indicar que Chávez havia estat operat el 10 de juny a Cuba per un abscés pèlvic. Des de llavors ha hagut rumors freqüents sobre la seva salut.

--

Chávez confirma que tiña un tumor canceroso que os seus médicos extirparon.

Nunha intervención en Cuba, presidente de Venezuela, Hugo Chávez dixo que os seus médicos atoparon células de cancro no seu corpo despois dunha cirurxía nel a un abcesso pélvico.

Tamén dixo que o procedemento permitiu a eliminación completa do tumor.

Anteriormente, as únicas informacións dispoñibles indicaban que Chávez fixo unha cirurxía en 10 de xuño en Cuba por un abcesso pélvico. Desde entón ten habido rumores frecuentes sobre a súa saúde.

---

Chávez confirma que tinha um tumor canceroso que seus médicos extirparam.

Numa intervenção em Cuba, o presidente da Venezuela, Hugo Chávez, disse que seus médicos encontraram células de câncer em seu corpo após uma cirurgia nele para um abcesso pélvico.

Ele também disse que o processo permitiu a remoção completa do tumor.

Anteriormente, as únicas informações disponíveis indicavam que Chávez fez uma cirurgia em 10 de junho em Cuba por um abcesso pélvico. Desde então tem havido rumores freqüentes sobre a sua saúde.

---

Chavez confirme qu'il avait une tumeur cancéreuse que ses médecins ont enlevée.

Dans un discours qu'il a fait à Cuba, le président du Venezuela, Hugo Chavez, a déclaré que ses médecins ont détecté des cellules cancéreuses dans son corps après avoir effectué une chirurgie sur lui pour un abcès pelvien.

Il a également dit que la chirurgie a permis l'élimination complète de sa tumeur.

Auparavant, les seules informations disponibles indiquaient que Chavez avait subi une intervention chirurgicale le 10 de Juin à Cuba pour un abcès pelvien. Depuis, il ya eu des rumeurs fréquentes sur sa santé.

---

Chavez conferma che aveva un tumore che i suoi medici hanno estirpato.

In un discorso fatto a Cuba, il presidente venezuelano, Hugo Chavez, ha dichiarato che i suoi medici hanno trovato cellule tumorali nel suo corpo dopo l'esecuzione di interventi chirurgici su di lui per un ascesso pelvico.

Ha anche detto che l'intervento ha consentito la completa rimozione del tumore.

In precedenza, le uniche informazioni disponibili indicavano che Chavez aveva subito un intervento chirurgico il 10 di giugno a Cuba per un ascesso pelvico. Da allora ci sono state frequenti le voci sulla sua salute.

---

Chavez confirms he had a cancerous tumor that his doctors removed.

In a speech that he made in Cuba, Venezuela's President, Hugo Chavez, said that his physicians have detected cancer cells in his body after performing surgery on him for a pelvic abscess.

He also said that the surgery permitted the complete removal of his tumor.

Previously, the only available information available indicated that Chavez had undergone surgery on June 10 in Cuba for a pelvic abscess. Since then there have been frequent rumors about his health.

Bolivia promulga un lege pro garantir su securitate alimentari.

(Languages of this post: Interlingua Spanish, English)

Le presidente de Bolivia, Evo Morales, signava un nove lege con le objectivo de garantir le securitate alimentari e promover le biodiversitate.

Semines e fertilisantes que actualmente se importa essera producite in Bolivia per companias statal.

Le autoritates dice que illes essaya a impulsar le production e proteger le varietates de cultivos local.

Un functionario del Nationes Unite in Bolivia diceva que le lege solmente functionara si on lo applica correctemente ma que illo poterea adjuvar a proteger le soveranitate alimenatari del bolivianos.

---

Bolivia promulga una ley para garantizar su seguridad alimentaria.

El presidente de Bolivia, Evo Morales, firmó una nueva ley con el objetivo de garantizar la seguridad alimentaria y promover la biodiversidad.

Semillas y fertilizantes que actualmente se importan serán producidas en Bolivia por empresas estatales.

Las autoridades dicen que intentan impulsar la producción y salvaguardar las variedades de cultivos locales.

Un funcionario de las Naciones Unidas en Bolivia dijo que la ley sólo funcionará si se aplica correctamente pero que podría ayudar a proteger la soberanía alimentaria de los bolivianos.

---

Bolivia signs A law to ensure its food security.

Bolivia’s President Evo Morales signed a new law aimed at ensuring food security and promoting biodiversity.

Seeds and fertilizers that now are imported will be produced in Bolivia by state companies.

The authorities say they are trying to boost production and safeguard local crop varieties.

A U.N. official in Bolivia said the law will only work if applied correctly but that it could help protect the food sovereignty of all Bolivians.

Zelaya ha formate un nove partito in Honduras.

(Languages of this post: Interlingua, Spanish, English)

Manuel Zelaya, le ex-presidente de Honduras, e presso 1.509 altere personas, ha create un nove partito politic pro concurrer in le electiones de 2013.

Zelaya, qui retornava a Honduras ante quasi un mense, convocava su sypatisantes a un congresso in Tegucigalpa pro relancear le movimento Frente National de Resistentia Popular, que emergeva in 2009, quando ille esseva expellite del pais per un gruppo de militares.

Le ex-presidente diceva que le nove partito cercarea le “justitia” in le proxime electiones general de 2013.

“Un nove formula politic sta a construer se que in le proxime 50 annos va a governor iste pais e se trova representate in iste assemblea”, diceva Zelaya.

---

Zelaya ha formado un nuevo partido en Honduras.

Manuel Zelaya, el ex presidente de Honduras, y cerca de 1.500 otras personas, han creado un nuevo partido político para competir en las elecciones de 2013.

Zelaya, que volvió a Honduras hace casi un mes, convocó a sus simpatizantes a un congreso en Tegucigalpa para relanzar el movimiento Frente Nacional de Resistencia Popular, que surgió en 2009, cuando fue expulsado del país por un grupo de militares.

El ex mandatario dijo que el nuevo partido buscaría “justicia” en los próximos comicios generales de 2013.

“Está en construcción una nueva fórmula política que en los próximos 50 años va a gobernar en este país y está representado en esta asamblea”, dijo Zelaya.

---

Zelalya has formed a new party in Honduras.

Manuel Zelaya, the former president of Honduras, and about 1,500 other people, have formed a new political party to compete in the 2013 elections.

Zelaya, who returned to the country almost a month ago, called his supporters to a conference in Tegucigalpa to relaunch the National Front Resistance Movement, which emerged in 2009, when he was expelled by a group of soldiers.

The former president said the new party would seek “justice” in the coming general elections in 2013.

“A new political formula is under construction that in the next fifty years will rule in this country and is represented in this assembly,” said Zelaya.

Le nove potentias economic ha besonio progressivemente diminuente del Occidente.

(Languages of this post: Interlingua, Spanish, English)

In pauc tempore, China essera le hospite del tertie conferentia al summitate del gruppo que se appella le paises BRIC (correspondente al initiales del Brasil, de Russia, de India, e de China), exactemente quando illo e le altere economias emergente sta a impulsar le crescimento global.

Le principal economias emergente ha devenite le motor del crescimento mundial. Le leaders de ille nationes se reunira in le insulas Hainan, con un nove membro potential, Sudafrica.

In menses recente, su poter economic ha vadite in parallelo con le crescimento de su influentia politic. Le quatro nationes forma parte del G2, le gruppo del 20 economias le plus grande del mundo.

Le nationes BRIC se recuperava rapidemente del crise financial global de 2008, demonstrante que illos non esseva tan vulnerabile a un cadita in le Statos Unite e Europa.

In vista del problemas economic que le mundo disvellopate continua a confrontar, iste nationes sta a diriger se in cerca de affaires commercial con su contrapartes del nationes BRIC e a altere economias plus parve.


Brasil:

Traditionalmente, le Brasil ha exportate materias prime e minerales al Statos Unite e a Europa, ma le demanda chinese sta a cambiar le equation pro le agricultura brasilian. In particular, le industria del soja ha monstrate un rapide crescimento pro satisfacer le demanda del population chinese.

Le anno passate China reimplaciava le Statos Unite como le principal partenario commercial del Brasil, con US$56.000 milliones in intercambio bilateral.

“China ha essite multo pragmatic in establir ligamines con Africa e le America latin pro assecurar se de fontes de ressources e al mesme tempore pro crear mercatos pro su proprie exportationes”, diceva Taimur Baig, un economista del Deutsche Bank.

Ultra materias prime, le Brasil ha trovate un mercato in China pro alicunes de su productos manufacturate. Iste septimana le presidente brasilian, Dilma Rousseff, signava un accordo secundo le qual Embraer, le tertie fabricante de aviones le plus grande del mundo, vendera aviones sue a lineas aeree chinese, profitante del rapide expansion del mercato aeree del gigante asian.


Russia:

Ben que China pote esser le plus grande consumitor del mundo, Russia es le plus grande productor mundial de multe materias prime. Nonobstante, le destination de ille exportationes ha cambiate dramaticamente in le ultime 10 annos. Le commercio con Asia se ha augmentate durante que le commercio con le Statos Unite e le ancian paises del Union Sovietic ha diminuite, al puncto que China nunc es le socio de Russia le plus grande, mesmo plus grande que Germania.

Ambe paises se necessita mutuemente pro alimentar le crescimento economic. China establi le precio de multes del ressources natural mundial con su demanda, e Russia lo face con le offerta”, diceva Roland Nash, un analysta de Verno Investments Research, de Moscova.


India:

Le chineses disveloppava industrias de alte valor technologic, mantenente su suprematia in altere activitates industrial, como le production de textiles, ma India es le leader global como providitor de servicios, al puncto que illo practicamente inventava le industria del outsourcing.

A differentia de Russia o le Brassil, le quales ha edificate lor economias sur le base del exportation de materias prime, India se ha concentrate in le disveloppamento de su gente.

Ma illo non ha potite devenir un productor industrial massive como le altere paises BRIC, e como resultato illo totevia importa multe productos manufacturate in China. Isto significa que ben que China es el socio commercial de India le plus grande, le indios sta a accumular un importante deficit con le chineses.


China:

China se ha reinventate, e illo nunc es un productor massive de articulos de alte technologia, includente semiconductores e paneles solar.

Totevia illo continua a esser un immense productor in industrias de costo basse e valor alte, como vestimentos e textiles.

“La fabrication de basse costo in China depende del basse salarios de su travaliatores. Si istes comencia a augmentar se, multe companias cercara alternativas en altere paises, como Vietnam”, diceva Damian Tobin, del Schola de Studios African e Oriental del Universitate de London.

Le anno passate China ganiava contractos pro construer trainos de alte velocitate in plure partes del mundo post devenir le leader global del industria. Illo nunc es le sede del traino le plus rapide del mundo. Iste septimana le Brasil diceva que illo permitterea que companias chinese compete in un projecto de traino de alte velocitate.

In despecto de gestos de amicitate inter le duo paises, China e le Brasil ha differentias importante.

Le quatro paises BRIC se trova unite in lor necessitate de materias prime pro alimentar lor disveloppamento rapide. China ha marcate le cammino in le cerca de ressources in omne le partes del planeta, ma illo ha essite sequite per le Brasil, Russia, e India.

“China ha essite multo pragmatic in establir ligamines con Africa e America latin, pro assecurar se de fontes de ressources e al mesme tempore in le creation de mercatos pro su proprie exportationes”, diceva Taimur Baig, le economista chef del Deutsche Bank in Singapore. Ma isto non significa que le paises BRIC se trova de accordo in toto. Le Brasil e India ha exprimite lor preoccupation pro le influxo de productos chinese a bon mercato, provocante un debatto sur le valor del yuan, le moneta chinese.

Multe analystas se trova de accordo que le acto de dar a iste paises un acronymo non significa que illos agera de un maniera unificate in le scena global, proque ben que illos sta a reducer lor dependentia sur le economias disvellopate, totevia illos ha besonio de travaliar con illos.

---

Las nuevas potencias económicas necesitan cada vez menos de Occidente.

En poco tiempo, China será anfitriona de la tercera cumbre del llamado grupo de los BRIC (correspondiente a las iniciales de Brasil, Rusia, India y China), justo cuando ella y otras economías emergentes están impulsando el crecimiento global.

Las principales economías emergentes se han convertido en el motor del crecimiento mundial. Los líderes de esas naciones se reunirán en las islas Hainan, junto a un nuevo miembro potencial, Sudáfrica.

En meses recientes su poder económico ha ido en paralelo con el crecimiento de su influencia política. Las cuatro naciones forman parte del G20, el grupo de las 20 mayores economías del mundo.

Los BRIC se recuperaron rápidamente de la crisis financiera global de 2008, demostrando que no eran tan vulnerables a una caída en los Estados Unidos y Europa.

En vista de los problemas económicos que sigue enfrentando el mundo desarrollado, estas naciones están dirigiéndose en busca de negocios a sus contrapartes del BRIC y a otras economías emergentes más pequeñas.


Brasil:

Tradicionalmente Brasil ha exportado materias primas y minerales a los Estados Unidos y Europa, pero la demanda china está cambiando la ecuación para la agricultura brasileña. En particular, la industria de la soya ha mostrado un rápido crecimiento para satisfacer la demanda de la población china.

El año pasado China desplazó a los Estados Unidos como el principal socio comercial de Brasil, con US$56.000 millones en intercambio bilateral.

“China ha sido muy pragmática en vincularse con Africa y América Latina para asegurar fuentes de recursos y al mismo tiempo crear mercados para sus propias exportaciones”, dijo Taimur Baig, economista del Deutsche Bank.

Mas allá de las materias primas, Brasil ha encontrado un mercado en China para algunos de sus productos manufacturados. Esta semana la presidenta brasileña, Dilma Rousseff, firmó un acuerdo para que Embraer, el tercer mayor fabricante de aviones del mundo, venda algunos aviones suyos a aerolíneas chinas, aprovechándose de la rápida expansión del mercado aéreo del gigante asiático.


Rusia:

Aunque China puede ser el mayor consumidor del mundo, Rusia es el mayor productor mundial de muchas materias primas. Sin embargo, el destino de esas exportaciones ha cambiado dramáticamente en los últimos 10 años. El comercio con Asia se ha incrementado a expensas de los negocios con los Estados Unidos y los antiguos países de la Unión Soviética, al punto que China es ahora el mayor socio comercial de Rusia, por delante de Alemania.

“Ambos necesitan el uno del otro para alimentar el crecimiento económico. China establece el precio de muchos de los recursos naturales mundiales a través de su demanda y Rusia lo hace a través del suministro”, dijo Roland Nash, analista de Verno Investments Research de Moscú.


India:

Los chinos desarrollaron industrias de alta tecnología, manteniendo su supremacía en otras actividades industriales, tales como la producción de textiles, pero India es el líder global como proveedor de servicios, al punto que practicamente inventó la industria del outsourcing.

A diferencia de Rusia o Brasil, que han edificado sus economías sobre la base de la exportación de materias primas, India se ha centrado en el desarrollo de su gente.

Pero no ha podido llegar a ser un productor industrial en masa como los otros países BRIC, y como resultado todavía importa muchos productos manufacturados desde China. Esto significa que aunque China es el mayor socio comercial de India, los indios acumulan un importante déficit comercial con los chinos.


China:

China se ha reinventado a sí misma y ahora es una productora masiva de productos de alta tecnología, incluyendo semiconductores y paneles solares.

Todavía sigue siendo un inmenso productor en industrias de bajo costo y alto valor, como ropas y textiles.

“La fabricación de bajo costo en China depende de los bajos salarios de sus trabajadores. Si éstos comienzan a subir, muchas empresas buscarán alternativas en otros países, como Vietnam”, dijo Damian Tobin, de la Escuela de Estudios Africanos y Orientales de la Universidad de Londres.

El año pasado China ganó contratos para construir trenes de alta velocidad en varias partes del mundo, después de convertirse en líder global de la industria. Ahora es sede del tren más rápido del mundo. Esta semana Brasil dijo que permitiría que compañías chinas compitan en un proyecto de tren de alta velocidad.

A pesar de los gestos de amistad entre los dos países, China y Brasil tienen importantes diferencias.

Los cuatro países BRIC están unidos en su necesidad de materias primas para alimentar su rápido desarrollo. China ha marcado el camino buscando recursos por todo el planeta, pero ha sido seguida por Brasil, Rusia e India.

“China ha sido muy pragmática en vincularse con Africa y América Latina, para asegurar fuentes de recursos y al mismo tiempo en crear mercados para sus propias exportaciones”, dijo Taimur Baig, economista jefe del Deutsche Bank en Singapur. Pero esto no significa que los países BRIC estén de acuerdo en todo. Brasil e India han expresado su preocupación por el influjo de productos baratos chinos en sus mercados, desatando un debate sobre el valor del yuan, la moneda china.

Muchos analistas concuerdan en que darles un acrónimo a estos países no significa que actuarán al unísono en la escena global, porque aunque reduzcan su dependencia de las economías desarrolladas todavía necesitan trabajar con ellas.

---

The new economic powerhouses increasingly require less of the West.

Before long, China will host the third summit of the so called BRIC group (corresponding to the initials of Brazil, Russia, India and China), just as she and other emerging economies are driving global growth.

The principal emerging economies have become the engine of global growth. The leaders of these nations will meet in Hainan Island, with a potential new member, South Africa.

In recent months their economic power has gone hand in hand with growing political influence. The four nations are part of the G20 group of the twenty largest economies in the world.

The BRIC countries recovered quickly from the global financial crisis of 2008, demonstrating that they were not as vulnerable to any downturn in the United States and Europe.

In view of the economic problems still facing the developed world, these nations are looking for business deals with their BRIC counterparts and other smaller emerging economies.


Brazil:

Traditionally Brazil has exported raw materials and minerals to the United States and Europe, but China’s demand is changing the equation for Brazilian agriculture. In particular, the soy industry has shown rapid growth to meet the demand of China’s population.

Last year China overtook the U.S. as Brazil’s main trading partner, with $56 billion in bilateral trade.

“China has been very pragmatic in establishing ties with Africa and Latin America to secure sources of resources while creating markets for their own exports,” said Taimur Baig, an economist at the Deutsche Bank.

Beyond raw materials, Brazil has found a market in China for some of its manufactured goods. This week the Brazilian president, Dilma Rousseff, signed an agreement for Embraer, the third largest aircraft manufacturer in the world, to sell some of its planes to Chinese airlines, taking advantage of the China’s rapidly expanding aviation market.


Russia:

Although China may be the biggest consumer in the world, Russia is the largest producer of many commodities. However, the destination of these exports has changed dramatically in the last 10 years. Trade with Asia has increased as business with the United States and the the countries of the former Soviet Union has gone down to the point that China is now Russia’s largest trading partner, ahead of Germany.

“Both need each other to fuel economic growth. China sets the price for many of the world's natural resources through its demand, and Russia does so through supply,” said Roland Nash, an analyst at Verno Investments Research in Moscow.


India:

The Chinese developed high technological industries, maintaining its supremacy in other industrial activities, such as the production of textiles, but India is a leading global provider of services to the point that it practically invented the outsourcing industry.

Unlike Russia or Brazil, which have built their economies based on raw material exports, India focused on the development of its people.

But it has not been able to become a massive industrial power like other BRIC countries and as a result still imports many manufactured goods from China. This means that although China is the largest trading partner of India, the Indians are accumulating a large trade deficit with the Chinese.


China:

China has reinvented itself and is now a mass producer of high technology products, including semiconductors and solar panels.

It is still a huge producer of low-cost, high-value industries, such as clothing and textiles.

“Low-cost manufacturing in China is dependent on the low wages of its workers. If these begin to rise, many companies will look for alternatives in other countries, such as Vietnam,” said Damian Tobin, of the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London.

Last year China won contracts to build high-speed trains around the world, after becoming a global leader in the industry. Now it home to the world’s fastest train. This week Brazil said it would allow Chinese companies to compete on a proposed high speed train.

Despite friendly gestures between the two countries, China and Brazil have significant differences.

The four BRIC countries are united in their need for raw materials to fuel their rapid development. China has blazed a trail looking for resources around the globe but has been followed by Brazil, Russia and India.

“China has been very pragmatic in establishing ties with Africa and Latin America to secure sources of resources while simultaneously creating markets for its own exports,” said Taimur Baig, chief economist at Deutsche Bank in Singapore. But this does not mean the BRIC countries agree on everything. Brazil and India have expressed concern about the influx of cheap Chinese products in their markets, sparking a debate about the value of the yuan, China’s currency.

Many analysts agree that giving an acronym to these countries does not mean they will act in unison on the global stage, because even though they are reducing their dependence on developed economies they still need to work with them.

On ha discoperite un nove gene que se trova relationate con le depression.

(Languages of this post: Interlingua, Spanish, English)

Un gruppo de scientistas in Germania ha identificate un gene que, illes dice, provoca cambios in le cerebro e augmenta le susceptibilitate al depression sever.

Le investigatores anque poteva observar pro le prime vice cambios physiologic in le cerebro--un reduction in le grandor del hippocampo, le region cerebral con vinculos al depression--quando un persona ha le maladia.

Iste cambios, dice le studio publicate in le magazine “Neuron”, se trova vinculate al activitate de un gene, con le nomine SLC6A15.

Le discoperimento, secundo le investigatores del Instituto de Psychiatria Max Planck, in Munich, Germania, presenta le possibilitate de poter disveloppar in el futuro nove tractamentos plus efficace pro iste maladia discapacitante.

Ben que on sape que le depression es causate per un combination de factores ambiental e genetic, usque nunc pro le scientistas il ha essite multo difficile identificar le factores genetic que ha ligamines con le depression.

Le doctor Elisabeth Binder e su equipa faceva un analyse del material genetic de patientes diagnosticate con depression e de un gruppo de patientes san.

Illes discoperiva “differentias importante” in le ADN de ambe gruppos in un region particular del chromosoma 12. E iste variationes, dice le scientistas, “clarmente se presentava in le contexto del depression”.

In probas posterior, le investigatores discoperiva que le SLC6A15 esseva responsabile pro ille variationes que faceva le individuos plus susceptibile al depression. Secundo le investigatores, le SLC6A15 contene le “manual de construction” de un proteina responsabile pro transportar amino acidos que regula le production de substantias clave pro le communication inter neurones.

Le scientistas crede que le alteration in iste communication inter neurones face que un persona sia plus susceptibile al depression.

Pro confirmar lor resultatos, le investigatores expandeva le studio pro includer le analyse genetic de 15.000 personas, tanto con depression como san.

“Le personas qui non suffreva de depression monstrava un quantitate minus grande de activitate del SLC6A15 in le hippocampo, le region cerebral con vinculas al depression sever”, affirmava le doctor Binder. “In plus, quando nos utilisa scanners cerebral, nos observa que le personas qui possedeva le gene e habeva un historia de depression sever habeva un hippocampo plus parve”.

In experimentos con mures le investigatores confirmava que existe un vinculo inter activitate reducite del SLC6A15 in le hippocampo e le effectos del stress chronic, un factor de risco de depression.

On sape que in le depression il ha plure factores involvite, non solo genetic ma anque ambiental, e a causa de illo il ha essite multo difficile usque nunc trovar un tractamento efficace pro iste maladia, in particular pro le depression sever.

Ma, como dice le scientistas, le resultatos del studio poterea conducer al disveloppamento de un nove tipo de pharmaco antidepressive dirigite a stimular le activitate del SLC6A15.

“Actualmente, le tractamentos disponibile contra le depression sever es indispensabile, ma su efficacia clinic continua a esser insatisfactori”, affirma le doctor Martin Kohli, un altere autor del studio. “Isto ha essite reflectite in le alte taxas de resistentia al tractamentos actualmente disponibile e a lor effectos secundari. Un cognoscimento plus exacte del mechanismos que causa le depression, naturalmente, nos offere le possibilitate de designar nove pharmacos pro combatter iste maladia con plus efficacia e con un numero plus parve de effectos secundari.”

---

Se ha descubierto un nuevo gen que está relacionado con la depresión.

Un grupo de científicos en Alemania han identificado un gen que, dicen, provoca cambios en el cerebro y aumenta la susceptibilidad a la depresión severa.

Los investigadores también pudieron observar por primera vez cambios fisiológicos en el cerebro--el encogimiento del hipocampo, la región cerebral vinculada a la depression--cuando una persona sufre la enfermedad.

Estos cambios, afirma el estudio publicado en la revista “Neuron”, están vinculados a la actividad de un gen, llamado SLC6A15.

El hallazgo, según los investigadores del Instituto de Psiquiatría Max Planck, en Munich, Alemania, presenta la posibilidad de poder desarrollar en el futuro nuevos tratamientos más efectivos para esta enfermedad discapacitante.

Aunque se sabe que la depresión es causada por una combinación de factores ambientales y genéticos, hasta ahora para los científicos ha sido muy difícil identificar los factores genéticos que están relacionados con la depresión.

La doctora Elisabeth Binder y su equipo hicieron un análisis del material genético de pacientes diagnosticados con depresión y de un grupo de pacientes sanos.

Descubrieron “diferencias importantes” en el ADN de ambos grupos en una región particular del cromosoma 12. Y estas variaciones, dicen los científicos, “claramente se presentaban en el contexto de la depression”.

En pruebas posteriores, los investigadores descubrieron que el gen SLC6A15 era el responsabile de esas variaciones que hacían a los individuos más susceptibles a la depresión. Según los investigadores, el SLC6A15 contiene el “manual de construcción” de una proteína encargada de transportar aminoácidos que regulan la producción de sustancias clave para la comunicación entre neuronas.

Los científicos creen que la alteración en esta comunicación entre neuronas conduce a que una persona sea más susceptible a la depresión.

Para confirmar sus resultados, los investigadores ampliaron el estudio para incluir el análisis genético de 15.000 personas, tanto con depresión como sanas.

“Las personas que no sufrían depresión mostraron menos actividad del SLC6A15 en el hipocampo, la región cerebral vinculada a la depresión severa”, afirma la doctora Binder. “Y además, cuando utilizamos escáneres cerebrales, observamos que quienes poseían el gen y tenían un historial de depresión severa tenían un hipocampo más pequeño”.

En experimentos con ratones los investigadores confirmaron que existe un vínculo entre una menor actividad del SLC6A15 en el hipocampo y los efectos del estrés crónico, un factor de riesgo de depresión.

Se sabe que en la depresión están involucrados varios factores, no sólo genéticos sino ambientales, y por eso ha sido muy difícil hasta ahora encontrar un tratamiento efectivo para este trastorno, en particular para la depresión severa.

Pero tal como señalan los científicos, los resultados del estudio podrían conducir al desarrollo de un nuevo tipo de fármaco antidepresivo dirigido a estimular la actividad del SLC6A15.

“Actualmente, los tratamientos disponibles contra la depresión severa son indispensables, pero su eficacia clínica sigue siendo insatisfactoria”, afirma el doctor Martin Kohli, otro de los autores del estudio. “Esto se ha visto reflejado en las altas tasas de resistencia a los tratamientos actualmente disponibles y a sus efectos secundarios. Un conocimiento más exacto de los mecanismos que causan la depresión, naturalmente, nos ofrece la posibilidad de diseñar nuevos fármacos para combatir esta enfermedad con más eficacia y con un menor número de efectos secundarios.”

---

A new gene has been discovered that is connected with depression.

A group of scientists in Germany have identified a gene that, they say, causes changes in the brain and increases susceptibility to severe depression.

The researchers also succeeded in observing for the first time physiological changes in the brain--the shrinkage of the hippocampus, the brain region linked to depression--when a person has the disease.

These changes, says the study published in the journal “Neuron,” are linked to the activity of a gene, called SLC6A15.

The finding, by researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Psychiatry in Munich, Germany, presents the possibility of later on developing new, more effective treatments for this disabling disease.

Although it is known that depression is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, so far it has been very difficult for scientists to identify genetic factors that are connected with depression.

Dr. Elisabeth Binder and her team did an analysis of the genetic material of patients diagnosed with depression and a group of healthy patients.

They found “important differences” in the DNA of both groups in a particular region of chromosome 12. And these variations, scientists say, “were clearly present in the context of depression.”

In subsequent tests, the researchers found that the SLC6A15 gene was responsible for those variations that made individuals more susceptible to depression. According to the investigators, SLC6A15 contains the “construction manual” of a protein responsible for transporting amino acids that regulate the production of key substances for communication between neurons.

Scientists believe that changes in this communication between neurons leads a person to be more susceptible to depression.

To confirm their findings, the researchers expanded the study to include the genetic analysis of 15,000 people, both healthy and depressed.

“People who did not suffer from depression showed less SLC6A15 activity in the hippocampus, the region of the brain linked to severe depression,” says Dr. Binder. “And again, when using brain scanners, we noticed that those who possessed the gene and had a history of severe depression had a smaller hippocampus.”

In experiments with mice, researchers confirmed that there is a link between decreased activity of SLC6A15 in the hippocampus and the effects of chronic stress, a risk factor for depression.

It is known that depression involves several factors, not only genetic but also environmental, and for that reason it has been very difficult so far to find an effective treatment for this disorder, particularly for severe depression.

But as scientists say, the results could lead to the development of a new type of antidepressant drug to help stimulate activity of SLC6A15.

“Currently, available treatments for severe depression are essential, but their clinical efficacy is still unsatisfactory,” said Dr. Martin Kohli, another author of the study. “This has been reflected in high rates of resistance to currently available treatments and to their side effects. A more exact knowledge of the mechanisms that cause depression, naturally, presents us with the possibility of designing new drugs to fight this condition more effectively and with a smaller number of side effects.