Parte 2, Cesare e Pompeio

(Languages of this post: Interlingua, English)

(4) Mario, Sulla, e Catilina:

Le prime guerra civil roman habeva su origine in le activitates de Gaio Mario. Mario se faceva un dictator militar, e deveniva un consule roman septe vices inter 107 e 86 B.C.

Ille anque introduceva le idea de servicio militar como un profession. Traditionalmente le romanos solmente esseva militares provisore durante periodos de crises causate per stranieros qui voleva invader le republica.

Le professionalisation del armea roman gradualmente causava un cambio de fidelitate inter le soldatos. In vice de servir le stato roman, iste nove soldatos professionalisate deveniva loyal a lor duces.

Lor duces anque sapeva que pro mantener iste loyaltate, illes debeva satisfacer lor soldatos economicamente, dante a illes opportunitates frequente de piliage, rapina, e saccheo in lor campanias militar sia in territorios estranie, sia in territorios republican.

Tosto Mario acquireva un competitor, Cornelio Sulla, qui esseva nominate per le senatores pro opponer ulle resistentia contra lor autoritate, le qual esseva menaciate per Mario e su armea. Sulla occideva centenares del partisanos de Mario e reorganisava le governamento, fortificante le potentia politic del senato.

In 63 B.C. un aristocrata, Catilina, qui habeva participate tres vices sin successo in electiones pro le consulato, organisava un conspiration pro sasir le autoritate del senatores. Ille attraheva e amicos inter le aristocratia qui non voleva advantiar se trans le systema politic traditional e gruppos de povres qui non habeva ullo a perder. Su conspiration esseva supprimite per le consule de 63 B.C., Marco Tullio Cicerone.

(5) Pompeio, Crasso, Cesare, e le emergentia del triumvirato:

Un pauco postea, Gnaeo Pompeio retornava a Roma post un serie de victorias in le oriente. Ille demandava que le senato approbava le systema de governamento que ille habeva organisate in le provincias oriental e que illo recompensava su soldatos con terrenos assatis grande pro lor servicios a Roma (ma vermente pro lor servicios a Pompeio).

Le senato non dava a Pompeio lo que ille voleva, e ille tunc formava un alliantia con Marco Crasso, le homine le plus ric de Roma, e Julio Cesare, un homine ambitiose qui non esseva popular inter le senatores e qui dunque non habeva multe possibilitates pro devenir un consule.

Lor alliantia nunc es cognoscite inter historicos como le prime triumvirato. Conjunctemente, iste tres homines habeva assatis potentia pro assecurar le election de Cesare al consulato in 59 B.C. Pompeio se maritava con le filia de Cesare, Julia, pro fortificar le ligamines inter lor duo familias.

Quando le senato continuava su opposition al triumvirato, Cesare, Pompeio, e Crasso usava bandas armate pro prevenir que lor opponentes votava in electiones que forsan reducerea lor potentia e prestigio. Milone e Clodio esseva duo duces de tal bandas.

(6) Le victorias de Cesare in Gallia e su guerra contra Pompeio:

Secundo le cursus honorum, consules e praetores qui habeva servite le republica pro periodos de un anno sovente deveniva governatores de provincias roman. Cesare manipulava iste systema pro reciper le provincia de Gallia.

Ante que Cesare deveniva le governator de iste provincia, le romanos controlava solmente un parte del Alpes e le costa meridional de Francia, ma illes non controlava le parte septentrional de Francia, Belgio, e Switza.

Durante su novem annos como le governator de Gallia, Cesare annexava iste territorios post un serie de campanias militar. Su successo militar attraheva verso ille multe prestigio e multe moneta del butin que ille habeva capturate e del soldatos que ille habeva vincite e vendite como sclavos. Ille usava multo de iste moneta pro pagar su debitos durante su campania pro le consulato roman.

Le triumvirato functionava assatis ben durante que Cesare esseva in Gallia. In 56 B.C. le tres homines decideva in un reunion que Pompeio e Crasso debeva occupar le consulato durante le anno sequente. Crasso deveniva le governator de Syria in 54 B.C., ma tosto ille esseva occidite in un battalia contra le Parthianos.

Pompeio retornava a Roma, ubi ille trovava un stato de anarchia a causa del activitates del bandas de Milone e Clodio. Le senato dava a ille le autoritate extraordinari pro eliminar iste violentia anarchic, e ille habeva successo in iste effortios sue.

Pompeio processava Milone como un assassino e lo exiliava. Ma, con le morte de Crasso, le duo homines qui remaneva deveniva rivales politic, e lor armeas respective comenciava un nove guerra civil que eventualmente resultava in le morte de Pompeio.

(Nota que le luctas politic e le guerras civil e colonial del romanos es multo simile al patronos del conflictos del mundo contemporanee. Le detalios de tal luctas politic e militar sempre cambia, ma lor essentia revela que trans omne le historia del humanitate nos sempre ha debite confrontar le mesme merda vetule.)

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(4) Marius, Sulla, and Catiline:

The first Roman civil war had its roots in the activities of Gaius Marius. Marius made himself a military dictator and became a Roman consul seven times between 107 and 86 B.C.

He also introduced the idea of military service as a profession. Traditionally, the Romans were only temporary soldiers during periods of crises caused by strangers who wanted to invade the republic.

The professionalization of the Roman army gradually caused a change in loyalty among the soldiers. Instead of serving the Roman state, these new professionalized soldiers became loyal to their generals.

Their generals also knew that to maintain this loyalty, they had to satisfy their soldiers economically, giving them frequent opportunities to rape and plunder in their military campaigns, whether in foreign territories or in Roman ones.

Soon Marius acquired a competitor, Cornelius Sulla, who was appointed by the senate to oppose defiance against their authority, which was menaced by Marius and his army. Sulla killed off hundreds of the supporters of Marius and reorganized the government, fortifying the political power of the senate.

In 63 B.C. an aristocrat, Catiline, who had unsuccessfully run three times in elections for the consulship, organized a conspiracy to seize authority from the senators. He attracted both friends among the aristocracy who did not want to advance through the political system by traditional means and groups of poor people who had nothing to lose. His conspiracy was suppressed in 63 B.C. by the consul Marcus Tullius Cicero.

(5) Pompey, Crassus, Caesar, and the Emergence of the Triumvirate:

Shortly afterward, Gnaeus Pompeius returned to Rome after a series of victories in the east. He demanded that the senate approve the system of government that he had organized in the eastern provinces and that it compensate his soldiers with rather large tracts of land for their services to Rome (but really for their services to Pompey).

The senate did not give Pompey what he wanted, and he then formed an alliance with Marcus Crassus, the richest man in Rome, and Julius Caesar, an ambitious man who was not popular among the senators and who thus did not have many chances of becoming a consul.

Their alliance is now known to historians as the first triumvirate. Together, these three men had enough power to secure Caesar's election to the consulship in 59 B.C. Pompey married Caesar's daughter, Julia, to strengthen the ties betwen their two families.

When the senate continued its opposition to the triumvirate, Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus used armed gangs to keep their opponents from voting in elections that could possibly reduce their power and prestige. Milo and Clodius led two of these gangs.

(8) The Victories of Caesar in Gaul and his War Against Pompey:

According to the cursus honorum, consuls and praetors who had served the republic for one-year terms often became provincial governors. Caesar manipulated this system to gain control over the province of Gaul.

Before Caesar became the governor of this province, the Romans controled only a part of the Alps and the southern coast of France, but they did not control the northern part of France, Belgium, and Switzerland.

During his nine years as the governor of Gaul, Caesar annexed these territories after a series of military campaigns. His military success attracted toward him a lot of prestige and money that he had captured from the soldiers he had conquered and sold into slavery. He used much of this money to pay off the debts he incurred during his campaign for the Roman consulship.

The triumvirate functioned rather well while Caesar was in Gaul. In 56 B.C. the three men decided in a meeting that Pompey and Crasus would become consuls in the following year. Crassus became the governor of Syria in 54 B.C., but soon he was killed in a battle against the Parthians.

Pompey returned to Rome, where he found a state of anarchy because of Milo and Clodius's gangs. The senate gave him the extraordinary authority to put down this anarchic violence, and he was successful in these efforts.

Pompey tried Milo for murder and exiled him. But with the death of Crassus, the two meen who remained became political rivals, and their respective armies started a new civil war that eventually resulted in the death of Pompey.

(Note that the political struggles and the civil and colonial wars of the Romans are very similar to the patterns of the conflicts of the contemporary world. The details of such political and military struggles always change, but their essence reveals that throughout all the history of humanity we have always had to put up with the same old shit.)