Parte 6, Notas sur le architectura syntactic de interlingua e del anglese

(Languages of this post: Interlingua, English)

(Un version previe de iste information anque se presenta in "Interlingua in interlingua" [Curso], Capitulos 6, 7, 8, 9, e 10.)

...

Le elaboration de propositiones que classifica:

Propositiones que classifica usa le plus frequentemente le verbo "esser" como in le exemplos "Illos es grande" e "Illes es professores". Il es possibile elaborar le syntagmas nominal e adjectival de iste propositiones.

Primo un adjectivo pote elaborar se con adverbios: (a) Illos es multo grande. (b) Illos es asatis/bastante grande. (c) Illos es enormemente grande.

Un adjectivo anque pote elaborar se con indicationes de inequalitate: (a) Le planeta Saturno es grande. (b) Le planeta Jupiter es plus grande. (c) Le planeta Jupiter es le planeta le plus grande del systema solar. (d) Le terra es grande. (e) Le planeta Marte es minus grande. (f) Le planeta Marte es minus grande que le terra. (g) Le planeta Marte es assatis/bastante minus grande que le terra.

Expressiones de equalitate anque es possibile con le uso de adjectivos: Le planeta Venus es quasi tan grande como le Terra.

Nos nunc va a considerar le elaboration de nomines:

Il es possibile elaborar un nomine con un adjectivo o un gruppo de adjectivos: (Un planeta parve)/(un planeta roccose) --> un planeta parve e roccose --> Mercurio es un planeta assatis parve e roccose.

Il es anque possibile elaborar un nomine con un syntagma prepositional: Un planeta in nostre systema solar --> Mercurio es un planeta in nostre systema solar.

On anque pote elaborar un nomine con un proposition relative: "Saturno es un planeta multo grande e gaseose que ha un serie de annellos e satellites".

Comparation de propositiones relative con altere propositiones dependente:

Multe propositiones dependente consiste de un conjunction subordinate e un proposition que esserea independente sin le conjunction: (a) Mi matre habeva arrivate. --> Quando mi matre habeva arrivate.... (b) Mi fratre visitava mi soror. --> Ante que mi fratre visitava mi soror.

Le parola "que", que sovente forma parte de un proposition relative, anque pote esser un conjunction subordinate que produce un syntagma propositional independente: "que ille avion partiva le dominica passate". Sovente iste tipo de syntagma nominal es le complemento directe de un verbo transitive: "Le agente de viages dice que ille avion partiva le domenica passate".

Iste tipo de syntagma anque pote esser le subjecto de un proposition: (Que le avion partiva le dominica passate es ben possibile). Ma plus sovente le conceptos exprimite in tal propositiones se trova in propositiones que comencia con "Il es": (Il es ben possibile que le avion partiva le domenica passate). Nota que in iste asseverationes "le domenica passate" es un syntagma nominal usate como un adverbial de tempore.

Le uso de "que" e "cuje" como pronomines relative:

Nos ha notate que "que" pote introducer asseverationes que esserea propositiones independente si on eliminava le parola "que", como in "que ille non vole venir hic". Ma un syntagma propositional relative include in su interior un syntagma del proposition principal que illo elabora. Iste syntagma pote esser

(a) le subjecto de un proposition principal: Marte es un planeta. Marte forma parte del systema solar. --> Marte es un planeta que forma parte del systema solar.

(b) Le complemento directe del proposition principal: Marte es un planeta. NASA nunc explora Marte. --> Marte es un planeta que NASA nunc explora.

(c) Le parte nominal de un syntagma prepositional: Marte es un planeta. Circum Marte NASA ha un satellite que face un mappa multo precise de su superficie. --> Marte es un planeta circum le qual NASA ha un satellite que face un mappa multo precise de su superficie.

(d) Un syntagma possessive: Marte es un planeta. Le satellites de Marte es multo plus parve que nostre luna. --> Marte es un planeta cuje satellites es multo plus parve que nostre luna.

Appositivos:

Appositivos es syntagmas nominal derivate de propositiones relative cuje verbos es un forma de "esser" e cuje pronomines (que, qui, le qual[es]) es le subjecto del proposition. Illos se forma eliminante le subjecto e le forma de "esser" del syntagma relative. A causa de considerationes rhetoric, il sovente es preferibile usar un appositivo in vice del plen syntagma relative.

Ecce un exemplo de tres propositiones que pote combinar se a in un sol proposition de duo manieras: Ille esseva un Chassator. Ille esseva un homine multo muscular. Ille portava un fusil grandissime. --> Ille esseva un chassator qui esseva un homine muscular qui portava un fusil grandissime. --> Ille esseva un chassator, un homine multo muscular qui portava un fusil grandissime.

Appositivos es sovente multo utile pro definir vocabulario nove, pro exemplo in "Ille nunc es le investigator principal de CIENSCI (pronunciate CIENsi), le Commission Independente pro Evaluar Nove Systemas de Coordination Informatic."

Un nota final: Vos habera notate que CIENSCI non existe proque io lo inventava pro illustrar le capacitate de appositivos pro exprimer definitiones simile a illos que se trova in dictionarios.

Omne nostre linguas ha capacitates infinite pro inventar conceptos fictive e inutile, e omne nostre culturas activemente usa iste capacitate, le qual, pro alicun philosophos, prova que le natura del epistomolgia es simile al construction de un diamante con multe facetas que se trova sur su superficie. Ma le diamante mesme es solmente un invention fictive que non existe in le exterior de nostre proprie capites.

---

The elaboration of sentences that classify:

Sentences that classify most often use the verb "to be" as in the examples "They are large" and "they are professors." It is possible to elaborate the noun and verb phrases of these sentences.

First, an adjective can be elaborated with adverbs: (a) They are very large. (b) They are rather large. (c) They are enormously large.

An adjective also can be elaborated with indications of inequality: (a) The planet Saturn is large. (b) The planet Jupiter is larger. (3) The planet Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system. (d) The earth is large. (e) The planet Mars is less large. (f) The planet Mars is less large than the Earth. (g) The planet Mars is (somewhat)/(a little bit)/(quite a bit) less large than the Earth.

Expressions of equality are also possible with the use of adjectives: The planet Venus is almost as large as the Earth.

We are now going to consider the elaboration of nouns:

It is possible to elaborate a noun with an adjective or a group of adjectives: (a small planet)/(a rocky planet) --> Mercury is a rather small and rocky planet.

It is also possible to elaborate a noun with a prepositional phrase: A planet in our solar system --> Mercury is a planet in our solar system.

A noun with a prepositional phrase can also be expanded with a relative clause: "Saturn is a very large and gaseous planet that has a series of rings and satellites."

Comparison of relative clauses with other dependent clauses:

Many dependent clauses consist of a subordinating conjunction and a clause that would be independent without the conjunction: (a) My mother had arrived. --> When my mother had arrived.... (b) My brother visited my sister. --> Before my brother visited my sister.

The word "that," which often forms part of a relative clause, also can be a subordinate conjunction that produces an independent clause: "that that plane left last Sunday." Often this kind of nominal phrase is the direct object of a transitive verb: "The travel agent says that that plane left last Sunday."

This kind of clause can also be the subject of a sentence: (That the plane left last Synday is quite possible). But more often the concepts expressed in such clauses are found in sentences that start with "It is": (It is quite possible that the plane left last Sunday). Note that in these statements "last Sunday" is a noun phrase used as an adverbial of time.

The use of "that/who/which" and "whose" as relative pronouns:

We have noted that "that" can introduce statements that would be independent clauses if the word "that" were eliminated, as in "that he does not want to come here." But a relative clause includes in its interior a syntagm of the independent sentence that it elaborates. This syntagm can be

(a) the subject of an independent clause: Mars is a planet. Mars forms part of the solar system. --> Mars is a planet that forms part of the solar system.

(b) The direct object of the independent clause: Mars is a planet. NASA is now exploring Mars. --> Mars is a planet that NASA is now exploring.

(c) The object of a prepositional phrase: Mars is a planet. Around Mars NASA has a satellite that is making a very precise map of its surface. --> Mars is a planet around which NASA has a satellite that is making a very precise map of its surface.

(d) A possessive syntagm: Mars is a planet. The satellites of Mars are much smaller than our moon. --> Mars is a planet whose satellites are much smaller than our moon.

Appositives:

Appositives are noun phrases derived from relative clauses whose verbs are a form of "to be" and whose pronouns (that, which, who) are the subject of the clause. They are formed by eliminating th subject and the form of "to be" of the relative clauses. Because of rhetorical considerations, it is often preferable to use an appositive instead of the full relative clause.

Here is an example of three sentences that can be combined into a single sentence in two ways: He was a hunter. He was a muscular man. He had a very large rifle. --> He was a hunter who was a very muscular man who had a very large rifle. --> He was a hunter, a very muscular who who had a very large rifle.

Appositives are often very useful for defining new vocabulary, for example in "He is now the principal investigator for ICENCCS (pronounced EEsenks/EYEsenks), the Independent Commission to Evaluate New Compterized Coordinating Systems."

A final note: You will have noticed that ICENCCS does not exist because I invented it to illustrate the capacity of appositives to express definitions similar to the ones found in dictionaries.

All our languages have infinite capacities to invent fictional and useless concepts and things that do not exist, and all our cultures actively use this linguistic capability, which for some philosophers proves that the nature of epistomology is similar to the construction of a diamond with a lot of facets on its surface. But the diamond itself is only a fictional invention that does not exist outside of our own heads.