Parte 5, Notas sur le architectura syntactic de interlingua e del anglese

(Languages of this post: Interlingua, English)

(Un version previe de iste information anque se presenta in "Interlingua in interlingua" [Curso], Capitulos 6, 7, 8, 9, e 10.)

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Propositiones passive:

Nos jam ha studiate un pauco propositiones como "Johano consola Maria" e "Roberto observa le turre". Le parolas "Maria" e "le turre" anque pote esser le subjecto de nove propositiones que se deriva de iste asseverationes, pro exemplo "Maria es consolate per Johano" e "Le turre es observate per Johano". On dice sovente que propositiones sin "es" e "per" es "active" e illos con "es" e "per" es "passive".

Propositiones passive pote associar se con questiones como istes: (a) Per qui es Maria consolate? Per Johano. --> Maria es consolate per Johano. (b) Per qui es observate le turre? Per Roberto. --> Le turre es observate per Roberto. (c) Que es observate per Roberto? Le turre. --> Le turre es observate per Roberto.

Propositiones con complementos directe e indirecte:

Il anque ha propositiones transitive que ha duo nomines. In iste presentation nos va a nominar le secunde nomine "le complemento indirecte". Ecce duo exemplos: (a) Johano da le libro a Maria. (b) Roberto compra un libro pro Alicia. Generalmente le secunde complemento es un persona, ben que a vices illo anque pote esser un cosa, como in "Johano scribe iste programma pro un computator e non pro un persona".

Le complemento directe de iste propositiones anque pote devenir le subjecto de un proposition passive: (a) Johano da le libro a Maria. --> Le libro es date a Maria per Johano)/(Le libro es date per Johano a Maria). (b) Roberto compra un libro pro Alicia. --> (Un libro es comprate per Roberto pro Alicia)/(Un libro es comprate pro Alicia per Roberto).

Cata uno de iste duo propositiones pote associar se con tres questiones e responsas:

(a) Que es date a Maria per Johano? Un libro. --> (Un libro es date a Maria per Johano)/(Un libro es date per Johano a Maria).

(b) Que es comprate per Roberto pro Alicia? Un Libro. (c) Per qui es comprate un libro pro Alicia? Per Roberto. (d) Pro qui es comprate un libro per Roberto? Pro Alicia. --> (Un libro es comprate pro Alicia per Roberto)/(Un libro es comprate per Roberto pro Alicia).

Le syntagmas verbal de iste propositiones pote esser modificate per syntagmas adverbial in forma de adverbios, syntagmas prepositional, e propositiones dependente:

(a) Johano consola Maria teneremente (adverbio).

(b) Roberto observa le turre attentemente (adverbio).

(c) Roberto observa le turre attentemente durante le prime horas del nocte (adverbio e syntagma prepositional)

(d) Roberto observa le turre attentemente durante le prime horas del nocte si illo es clar e sin bruma (adverbio e syntagma prepostional combinate con un proposition subordinate introducite per "si").

In multe casos il es possibile eliminar le preposition, e le syntagma nominal mesme pote functionar como un syntagma adverbial. In le proxime asseveration, il es possibile eliminar le preposition "durante": Roberto observa le turre (durante) le prime horas del nocte quando il es clar.

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Passive Sentences:

We have already studied a little sentences like "Johano is consoling Maria" and "Roberto is observing the tower." The words "Maria" and "the tower" also can be the subject of new sentences that are derived from these statements, for example "Maria is being consoled by Johano" and "The tower is being observed by Johano." It is often said that sentences without "is/are" and "by" are "active" and those with "is/are" and "by" are passive.

Passive sentences can be associated with questions like these: (a) By whom is Maria being consoled? By Johano. --> Maria is being consoled by Johano. (b) By whom is the tower being observed? By Roberto. --> The tower is being observed by Roberto. (c) What is being observed by Roberto? The tower. --> The tower is being observed by Roberto.

Sentences with Direct and Indirect Objects:

There are also transitive sentences that have two nouns. In this presentation we are going to call the second noun "the indirect object." Here are two examples: (a) Johano is giving a book to Maria. (b) Roberto is buying a book for Alicia. Generally the second object is a person, though at times it can also be a thing, as in "Johano is writing this program for a computer and not for a person."

The direct object of these sentences also can become the subject of a passive sentence: (a) Johano is giving the book to Maria. --> (The book is being given to Maria by Johano)/(The book is being given by Johano to Maria). (b) Roberto is buying a book for Alicia. --> (A book is being bought by Roberto for Alicia)/(A book is being bought for Alicia by Roberto).

Each one of these two sentences can be associated with three questions and answers: (a) What is given to Maria by Johano? A book. --> (A book is being given to Maria by Johano)/(A book is being given by Johano to Maria).

(b) What is being bought by Roberto for Alicia? A book. (c) By whom is a book being bought for Alicia? By Roberto. (d) For whom is a book being bought by Roberto? For Alicia. --> (A book is being bought for Alicia by Roberto)/(A book is being bought by Roberto for Alicia).

The verbal syntagms of these sentences can be modified by adverbial syntagms in the form of adverbs, prepositional syntagms, and dependent clauses:

(a) Johano is consoling Maria tenderly (adverb).

(b) Roberto is observing the tower attentively (adverb).

(c) Roberto observes the tower attentively during the first hours of the evening (adverb and prepositional syntagm/phrase).

(d) Roberto is observing the tower attentively during the first hours of the night if it is clear and without fog (adverb and prepositional syntagm combined with a subordinate clause introduced by "if").

(The final paragraph in Interlingua of the Interlingua version of this presentation cannot be applied to English.)