Parte 3, Notas sur le architectura syntactic de interlingua e del anglese

(Languages of this post: Interlingua, English)

(Un version previe de iste information anque se presenta in "Interlingua in interlingua" [Curso], Capitulos 6, 7, 8, 9, e 10.)

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Le elaboration de syntagmas verbal con syntagmas adverbial:

Le plus simple maniera de elaborar un syntagma verbal es con un adverbio como in "Ille nunc parti".

Como multe altere syntagmas, adverbios es associate con questiones que indica diverse relationes. Ecce tres exemplos: (1) Quando parti ille? Nunc. --> Ille parte nunc. (2) Ubi es ille? Hic. --> Ille es hic. (3) Como curre ille? Rapidemente. --> Ille curre rapidemente.

Il es possibile comparar adverbios pro inequalitate: (Carlo curreva rapidemente. Roberto curreva minus rapidemente. Sven curreva plus rapidemente. Alicia curreva minus rapidemente que Johano. Helena curreva plus rapidemente que Roberto).

Il anque es possibile compararar los pro equalitate: (Gustavo curreva tan rapidemente como su amicos.)

Ultra adverbios, il ha duo altere syntagmas adverbial importante que usa prepositiones e propositiones. Vamos examinar brevemente como le uso de tal syntagmas in questiones/responsas pote combinar se pro producer nove propositiones:

(1) Adverbios: (a) Ubi va ille? Illac. --> Ille va illac. (b) Quando explicara ille iste problema? Postea. --> (Ille va explicar iste problema postea)/(Postea ille va explicar iste problema).

(2) Syntagmas prepositional: (a) Quando explicara ille iste problema? Post le conferentia. --> (Ille va explicar iste problema post le conferentia)/(Post le conferentia ille va explicar iste problema). (b) Quando e ubi explicara ille iste problema? Post le conferentia in su bureau. --> (Ille explicara iste problema post le conferentia in su bureau)/(Post le conferentia ille explicara iste problema in su bureau).

(3) Syntagmas propositional subordinate: Il ha un tertie syntagma adverbial importante: Un proposition dependente adverbial que, como le syntagma prepositional, ha duo partes, un conjunction subordinante ("quando" in le proxime exemplo) e un proposition:

Quando explicara le professor iste problemas fundamental? Quando le conferentia habera publicate su discopertas in forma scribite sur le Rete. --> (Le professor explicara omne iste problemas fundamental quando le conferentia habera publicate su discopertas in forma scribite sur le Rete)/(Quando le conferentia habera publicate su discopertas in forma scribite sur le Rete, le professor explicara omne iste problemas fundamental).

Vamos examinar como adverbios e syntagmas prepositional e propositional que indica tempore pote exprimer iste concepto progressivemente plus exactemente:

(a) Quando explicara le professor iste problema? Nunc. --> (Nunc le professor explicara iste problems)/(Le professor nunc explicara iste problema)/(Le professor explicara nunc iste problema)/(Le professor explicara iste problema nunc).

(b) Quando explicara le professor iste problema? Post le conferentia. --> (Le professor explicara iste problema post le conferentia)/(Post le conferentia le professor explicara iste problema).

(c) Quando explicara le professor omne iste problemas fundamental? Quando le conferentia habera publicate su discopertas in forma scribite sur le Rete.

--> (Le professor explicara omne iste problemas fundamental quando le conferentia habera publicate su discopertas in forma scribite sur le Rete)/(Quando le conferentia habera publicate su discopertas in forma scribite sur le Rete, le professor va explicar omne iste problemas fundamental).

Iste exemplos demonstra le differentias de precision semantic inter adverbios, que es minus precise que syntagmas prepositional, le quales, a lor vice, es minus precise que syntagms propositional subordinate que consiste de un conjunction subordinante e un proposition.

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The Elaboration of Verbal Syntagms with Adverbial Syntagms:

The simplest way of elaborating a verbal syntagm is with an adverb as in "He is now leaving."

Like many other syntagms, adverbs are associated with questions that indicate various relations. Here are three examples: (1) When is he leaving? Now. --> He is leaving now. (2) Where is he? Here. --> He is here. How does he run? Rapidly. --> He runs rapidly.

It is possible to compare adverbs for inequality: (Carlo ran rapidly. Roberto ran less rapidly. Sven ran more rapidly. Alicia ran less rapidly than Johano. Helena ran more rapidly than Roberto).

It is also possible to compare them for equality (Gustavo ran as rapidly as his friends.)

Beyond adverbs, there are two other important adverbial syntagms that use propositions and clauses. Let's examine briefly how the use of such syntagms in questions/answers can be combined to produce new sentences:

(1) Adverbs: (a) Where is he going? There. --> He is going there. (b) When will he explain this problem? Afterwards. --> (He is going to explain this problem afterwards)/(Afterwards he is going to explain this problem).

(2) Prepositional phrases: (a) When will he explain this problem? After the conference. --> (He is going to explain this problem after the conference)/(After the conference he is going to explain this problem).

(3) Subordinate clauses: There is a third important adverbial syntagm: A dependent adverbial proposition that, like the prepositional syntagm, has two parts, a subordinating conjunction ("once" in the following example) and a clause:

When will the professor explain these fundamental problems? Once the conference has published his discoveries in written form on the Net. --> (The professor will explain all these fundamental problems once the conference has published his discoveries in written form on the Net)/(Once the conference has published his discoveries in written form on the Net, the professor will explain all these fundamental problems).

Let's examine how adverbs and prepositional and propositional syntagms that indicate time can express this concept progressively more exactly:

(a) When will the professor explain this problem? Now. --> (Now the professor will explain this problem)/(The professor now will explain this problem)/(....)/(The professor will explain this problem now).

(b) When will the professor explain this problem? After the conference. --> (The professor will explain this problem after the conference)/(After the conference the professor will explain this problem).

(c) When will the professor explain all these fundamental problems? Once the conference has published his discoveries in written form on the Net.

--> (The professor will explain all these fundamental problems once the conference has published his discoveries in written form on the Net)/(Once the conference has published his discoveries in written form on the Net, the professor will explain all these fundamental problems).

These examples demonstrate the differences of semantic precision among adverbs, which are less precise than prepositional syntagms, which, in turn, are less precise than subordinate propositional syntagms consisting of a subordinating conjunction and a clause.